About Network Communication Standards.
For the different types of networks to be able to communicate within it each other the networks have to use similar techniques of moving data through network from one application to another.

A network standard defines guidelines that specify the way computers access the medium to which they are attached the speeds used on different types of networks, and the types of physical cable and/or wireless technology used.

Ethernet: network standard that specifies no central computer or device on the network (nodes) should control when data can be transmitted; that is, each node attempts to transmit data when it determines the network is available to receive communications. Also based on a bus topology but can be wired in a star pattern

Advantages: Most popular network for LANs, inexpensive, easy to install, and easy to maintain


Disadvantages: Two people cannot use it at a time.

• Token Ring: specifies that computers and devices on the network share or pass a special signal in an unidirectional manner and in a preset order. A token is a special series of bits that function like a ticket. The device with the token can transmit data over network only one token exist per network. This ensures that only one computer transmits data at a time.
  

Based on a ring topology but it can be used as a star topology

Disadvantages: Token passing is sometimes very difficult to understand. It is Network planning required, difficult to physically install, difficult troubleshooting, it is very expensive

Advantage: Deterministic in nature

• TCP/IP: Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol; a network standard that defines how messages or data are routed from one end of the network to the other, ensuring the data arrives correctly

Advantages: divides messages into smaller pieces called "packets", which provides an address for each and checks and detects errors and regulates the flow of messages along the network.

• (Wi-Fi): Wi-Fi is a series of network standards that specifies how two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other. Wi-Fi certifies products are guaranteed to be able to communicate with each other. Wi-Fi also supports much faster data transfer rates, allows a network many computers and devices together.
  

Advantages: easily integrate with wired Ethernet networks, ability to connect to the Internet with their wireless computers and devices. Free from interference. Also it has a quick and comfortable installation, also a cheap way to achieve the desired connections with its surroundings.

Disadvantages: In some areas you may need to install extra antennas, it does not require a license in most countries provided that it stays below limit of 100mW which accepts interference with other sources, have a limited range, access points could be used to steal personal information transmitted through Wi-Fi consumers.

• Bluetooth: a network standard, specifically a protocol, that defines how Bluetooth devices use short-range radio waves to transmit data. Bluetooth is designed for limited data transfer between two devices, one of which is usually a mobile device.

Bluetooth can be used to wirelessly synchronize and transfer data among devices. Bluetooth can be thought of as a cable replacement technology

Advantages: free from cables and implicity in networking

Disadvantages: poor data rate and security, Bluetooth only offer 1MBps while Infrared offers 4MBps.

• RFID: Radio wave identification is a standard, specifically a protocol, that defines how a network uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, animal, or person.

Active RFID tags: contains a battery that runs the chip's circuitry and broadcasts a signal to the RFID reader.

Passive RFID tags: does not contain a battery and thus
cannot send a signal until the reader activates the tag's
antenna by sending out electronic waves. Small enough to
be embedded in skin because it does not contain a battery.

How It Works: The transponder, or tag, consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted through the radio waves. An RFID reader called an transceiver, antenna, reads the radio signals and transfers the information to a computer or computing device.

Advantages: Technology is better than bar codes it cannot be easily replicated, therefore it increases the security of the product. Can store data up to 2 KB.

Disadvantages: Difficult to read tags installed in liquid and metal products. Walkie- talkies, Mobile cell phone towers, and forklifts can sometimes interfere with the radio waves.

• WiMax: Short for World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access,also known as 802.16, a network standard developed by IEEE that specifies how wireless devises communicate over the air in a wide area.

How it works: computers or devises with built-in WiMAX wireless capability or the appropriate wireless network card or PC Card communicate with other computers or devises through a WiMAX tower. The tower can cover up to a 30 mile radius, connects to the Internet or to another Wimax tower. A wireless industry association with more than 240 suppliers and service providers dedicated to developing specifications and testing equipment. Data transfer rate from 54 Mbps to 70 Mbps.WiMAX standard provides wireless broadband Internet access as a reasonable cost over long distances to business and home users.

Advantages: single station can serve hundreds of users. Much faster deployment of new users compared to wired networks. It is standardized, and sane frequency equipment should work together.

Disadvantages: line of site needed for longer connections. weather conditions like rain can interrupt the signal. Other wireless equipment can cause interference. Very power intensive, requires strong electrical support. Has a big installation and operation cost.

• (WAP): The Wireless Application Protocol is a standard, specifically a protocol, that specifies how some wireless devices such as smart phones and PDA's can display the content of Internet services

Advantages: WAP uses client/server network